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The Second Triumvirate is the name historians have given to the official political alliance of ''Gaius Octavius'' (Octavian, Caesar Augustus), ''Marcus Antonius'' (Mark Antony), and ''Marcus Aemilius Lepidus'', formed on 26 November 43 BC with the enactment of the ''Lex Titia'', the adoption of which is viewed as marking the end of the Roman Republic. The Triumvirate existed for two five-year terms, covering the period 43 BC to 33 BC. Unlike the earlier First Triumvirate,〔The First Triumvirate was a political alliance between ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ''Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus'' (Pompey the Great), and ''Marcus Licinius Crassus''; see Adrian Goldsworthy (2008). ''Caesar: Life of a Colossus,'' New Haven, CT:Yale University Press (ISBN 9780300126891, p. 164, and Suetonius (Suetonius Tranquillus )| (2003). ''The Twelve Caesars'', with an introduction by Michael Grant (Graves, Transl. ), Rev. Ed. London, UK:Penguin Books, p. 21 (ISBN 0140449213), (), accessed 18 April 2015.〕〔The First lasted from approximately 59 BC to Crassus' defeat by the Parthians in 53 BC. See Arnold Joseph Toynbee (2014). "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul," and "Julius Caesar (Roman ruler): Antecedents and outcome of the civil war of 49–45 BC," at ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' (online), () and (), accessed 18 April 2015.〕 the Second Triumvirate was an official, legally established institution, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction and whose ''imperium maius'' outranked that of all other magistrates, including the consuls. ==Origin and nature== Octavian, despite his youth, extorted from the Senate the post of suffect consul (''consul suffectus'') for 43 BC. He had been warring with Antony and Lepidus in upper Italia, but in October 43 BC the three agreed to unite and seize power and so met near Bononia (now Bologna).〔Eck, p. 15f.〕〔The site of meeting was in what is now the ''frazione'' Sacerno of the ''comune'' of Calderara di Reno.〕 This triumvirate of new leaders was established in 43 BC as the ''Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate'' (Triumvirs for Confirming the Republic with Consular Power, abbreviated as III VIR RPC). Where the first triumvirate was essentially a private agreement, the second was embedded in the constitution formally joining Augustus, Anthony, and Lepidus in shared rule over Rome. The only other office which had ever been qualified "for confirming the Republic" was the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla; the only limit on the powers of the Triumvirate was the five-year term set by law. A historical oddity of the Triumvirate is that it was, in effect, a three-man directorate with dictatorial powers; it included Antony, who as consul in 44 BC had obtained a ''lex Antonia'' that abolished the dictatorship and expunged it from the Republic's constitutions. As had been the case with both Sulla and Julius Caesar during their dictatorships, the members of the Triumvirate saw no contradiction between holding a supraconsular office and the consulate itself simultaneously.〔Lepidus was consul in 42 BC, Antony in 34 BC, and Octavian in 33 BC.〕 At the beginning, Lepidus' possession of the provinces of Hispania and Narbonese Gaul was confirmed, and he agreed to hand over 7 legions to Octavian and Antony to continue the struggle against Brutus and Cassius for eastern Roman territory; in the event of defeat, Lepidus' territories would provide a fall-back position. Antony retained Cisalpine Gaul and hegemony over Gaul itself, and Octavian held Africa and was given nominal authority over Sicily and Sardinia.〔This was purely theoretical, as they were controlled by Sextus Pompey, leader of the surviving Pompeian faction.〕 According to historian Richard Weigel, Octavian's share at this stage was "practically humiliating"; all the most important provinces went to Antony and Lepidus, though transfer of Lepidus' legions to Octavian meant that Lepidus was "effectively eliminating himself as an equal partner" in future.:〔Weigel, p. 69.〕-) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second Triumvirate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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